In 1921, the first vaginal delivery under spinal analgesia was reported by Kreiss in Germany.
2.
The first spinal analgesia was administered in 1885 by James Leonard Corning ( 1855 1923 ), a neurologist in New York.
3.
However spinal analgesia is the mainstay of anaesthesia in countries like India, Pakistan and parts of Africa, excluding the major centres.
4.
Naguib Mahfouz was a prolific author on a wide variety of subjects ranging from urinary and faecal fistulae, spinal analgesia, fibroids, ectopic pregnancy, gynaecological malignancies, pelvic infections and caesarean sections.
5.
Epidurals and spinal analgesia were received by 66 percent of women who delivered in 1997 at hospitals with at least 1, 500 deliveries a year, up from 55 percent in 1992 and 22 percent in 1981.
6.
The pharmacodynamic response to an opioid depends upon the receptor to which it binds, its affinity for that receptor, and whether the opioid is an agonist or an physical dependence by the ? 2 receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the ? receptor.
7.
Morphine is a phenanthrene opioid receptor ?-opioid receptor agonist, ?-opioid's action is associated with spinal analgesia, miosis ( pinpoint pupils ) and psychotomimetic effects . ?-Opioid is thought to play a role in analgesia . suggesting downstream involvement of the ?-receptor in the actions of morphine.
8.
Pain related research themes have encompassed numerous broad areas in the categories of acute, chronic and cancer pain; epidemiology studies of chronic pain prevalence, risk factors, human impact and financial cost; spinal opioid and non-opioid drug administration, introducing the concept of'selective spinal analgesia'; systemic opioid and non-opioid pharmacology; lumbar sympathetic neural blockade for vascular ischaemia; post spinal cord injury pain classification, epidemiology, aetiology and treatment; basic and clinical studies of mechanisms of spinal neuromodulation and the development of new treatment options.
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